Literatur review

Correspondence to this article should be addressed to Christian Magallon, Department of Psychology, University of California, Merced, CA 95348. Email: [email  protected] edu Abstract In the contemporary world, inequality between males and females in the workplace is becoming a critical issue. This has been often considered a part of our past and yet now in modern times men and women are entering into the workplace in equal numbers but women still face gender discrimination in their occupations, especially in managerial positions.There are certain limitations and restrictions that women encounter while in workplace. There is a common idea that people firmly believe, hat women are not suitable for upper division positions because they do not have the characteristics suitable for those positions. It is very important to understand the basic biases and factors which are deterring women from reaching their goals and creating inequality in a male dominated workplace. The main factors aff ecting gender inequality in the workplace which have been studied here are leadership, power and perceptions.Keywords: gender bias, sexual discrimination, workplace segregation Fiction This research seeks to support the fictive notion that gender equality exist oday and gender biases are a thing of the past regardless of current efforts to create equality among genders in the workplace. To increase understanding of factors affecting women this study focuses on: leadership, power, and perceptions. Throughout history there has been a struggle for equality. The suffrage movement and later affirmative action were efforts to increase equality among genders.As the economy of the nation changed to a more industrialized one it demanded more workers. While Men were at war, the demand of workers needed for war production increased. Women decided to do their part to help with the war efforts: taking over the Jobs left by men. This was a huge step for women, and the realizing of women's potenti al in the workforce. Women were now becoming more and more present in the workforce, diversifying the population of employees. The introduction of women brought with it new theories through research, assessing and further supporting the existence of inequality for women in the workforce.To further assess and support the existent inequality between men and women; research was obtained through a search on the University of California, Merced's library data base. Over 278 studies preceded using key descriptive words: women, power, perceptions, and leadership. Studies found support the differences within gender and the workplace. Looking in detail at studies like Roos and Brook (1981) that assessed data from the 1974-1977 that showed that women have a large earning gap compared to men due to sex segregated characteristics at an occupational level.The research showed, women mostly work at low paying Jobs and they are less likely to exercise authority in those jobs. In a related study on economics, Mano-Negrin (2004), showed a significant ncrease in participation of women in the labor market without a parallel decrease of gender wage gaps. Adler (1994) research results showed that men hold higher position, higher supervisory, and authority compared to women. Women have less access to power and authority at work. Policymakers and supervisor make equal rules for them but women exercise less power than men.Aviolio (2009) results showed a significant difference in the effect sizes for leadership interventions conducted with all-male and majority-male participants versus all-female and majority-female participant studies. Bosak (2008) showed in their study that women perceive themselves less suitable for high positions because the perceived notion that they do not associated with masculine characteristics of men. Research has served as evidence for change. Major developments include formation of new associations and legislations.The Association for Women's Rights in Deve lopment purpose is to strengthen movements that advance women's rights and promote gender equality worldwide (AWID). The Equal Pay Act was signed into law by President John F. Kennedy in 1963 (EEOC). The Equal Pay Act was a law against reduction of wages that iscriminates due to sex. President Kennedy emphasized : â€Å"Adds to our laws another enter the labor force they will find equality in their pay envelope. â€Å"(EEOC) However, regardless of efforts it is clear that subtle biases of gender still contribute to discriminate against women in the workplace especially in male dominated workforce.Existential biases affect the prevalence of women in leadership, Job performance, and male dominated careers. It is important to understand underlying biases and factors in the work place that may hinder woman from reaching a state of equality among men in the workforce. Factors studied across genders in the workplace: leadership, power, and perceptions. Leadership and Power Let us first observe the two omnipresent notions that are leadership and power. It has long been understood and accepted albeit bias, that leadership and power are traits commonly associated with the male sex.Also, positions of power and of authority are linked to such generalizations. For example, this can be seen in the workplace where women are often segregated into professions that ultimately reduce the possibility of exercising autonomy and supervisory authority Oaffee, 1989). We see time and time again that women, when being considered for a position are subject to a bias comparison that subjugates their attempts at equality and fair judgment. The majority of the time the employers that are doing the considering prefer masculine gender characteristics to feminine characteristics (Goktepe & Craig, 1989).In their study, Goktepe and Craig found that interpersonal attractiveness and sex role orientation are both associated with the emergent candidate for the position. In this, we can see that it is of the utmost importance to understand what influences he emergence of a leader and note any difference between genders. So persistent is this notion of a gender bias that even women themselves cannot escape acknowledging it and even falling susceptible to its ideas.We see this recurring problem in several common patterns, one being that of women feeling vulnerable and out of place because they have no female role model in a position of power to revere. This lack of stimuli results in a reduction in chances of women to take on a leadership role (Carbonell & Castro, 2008). In Carbonell and Castro's study we see when confronted with a female leader model, for more than half the time women ake the leadership position, but when faced with a male leadership model the results are underwhelming.And, the men in that study felt indifference when faced with either model, signifying a common acceptance of male superiority or dominance. Other studies have also supported this disparity of ideas concerning the similarity between women and managers. In a study conducted by Brenner , Tomkiewicz and Schein (1989), we observe that men perceive successful middle managers as having those characteristics, attitudes, and temperaments more commonly ascribed to men in general than to women in general.Although the omen in this study Judged both male and female characteristics equally viable, it was only a function of change in the perception of women in general rather than a change in the perceived requirements for managerial success or even any perceptions of men in general. In other words, what has been perceived as approved managerial characteristics in the past has not changed. What has changed is how forward in positive and equally thinking is in truth very misleading.Yes behaviors have changed but sadly male managers still hold onto their original attitudes which involve a skewed sense of what the proper qualifications may be. It seems that blind ignorance may also affect aspects of occupational labor in the workplace. In the study by Cann and Siegfried (1990), there is a strong indication that the behaviors people recognized as indicators of a successful leader included those that are viewed as feminine. Leaders must be â€Å"behaviorally androgynous,† they must have the flexibility to exhibit both male and female characteristics.Thus, effective leaders are those that can appease an assortment of demands, and yet we witness the constant reminder of a societal gender bias implicating female characteristics as weaker and even less desirable. One can only wonder why some choose to ignore a possible fine addition to a firm because of a commonly held notion of gender superiority. Presumed notions of gender superiority in leadership qualities can easily be ascertained from many studies that have been conducted in the past, involving commonly held societal beliefs.But, these same bias notions of leadership qualities can be enhanced by certain workpl ace organizational climates. The atmosphere in which business involving the hiring of future employees or any upper level position is conducted, can be greatly affected by the pressures that are applied during that time. In a study done by Katz (1987), when put into a discriminatory setting the test subjects preferred to hire males. In the same study test subjects were put into a nondiscriminatory setting and the results proved to be quite interesting, the preference levels were almost equal between male and female candidates.From this information we can gather that a significant catalyst for discriminatory thinking is in part caused by the organizational climate that someone is in. Currently, sexual discrimination and gender bias in the workplace is alive and well. It is a widespread problem that is inhibiting many women's rights and allowing or an unfair advantage for the opposite sex. Most of todays research concerning this notion is focused on investigating the debilitating effe cts that negative stereotypes have on the targets of said stereotypes (Hoyt & Blalscovich, 2007).In order to move forward and overcome this bias and discrimination we must discover new avenues in which to employ a politically correct attitude towards those individuals of the fairer sex. Perceptions Understanding perceptions of society, focusing on perceptions of women in the workplace, helps increase understanding of the existent gap between genders at work. There are many factors that may contribute to the differentiation in treatment and appointment to leadership between genders in the workplace. Trentham, and Larwood (1998), examined the effects of power and willingness to discriminate in the workplace.Results show that people have a predisposition to discriminate against women. This study found that people in top positions of organizations had higher tendencies to discriminate against women than people with lower positions of authority. Individuals in power affect the dispositio n of a person of lower status to act in a discriminating manner often times going against own personal beliefs. The importance of this study is that biases exist against women due to perceived (1993) analyzes perceptions and attitudes of past events, and future measures implemented to reduce gap between genders in the workplace.Results show that men feel that past measures affected their careers more negatively, however both genders showed equal dissatisfaction with past measures. Men agreed with eliminating systemic barriers that limit advancement for women but where against preferential treatment. This clearly states that both gendrs have self interest in mind. Women want help to go up the ladder, men see that as a threat, therefore isapprove. Self interest conflicts held by men may hinder women from reaching equality in the workplace.Another study that looked at perceptions of leadership qualities in groups of similar gender was done by Prime, Jonsen, Carter, and Maznevski (2008) . This study looked at managers perceived qualities associated with leadership and gender. The study hypothesized that the qualities associated with leaders was more prominent in men than in women. Results show that in women respondents perceived women as more effective than men in: planning and role modeling, providing intellectual stimulation, and problem solving. Men on the other hand attributed that men were better at delegating than female leaders.Both men and women perceived and stereotyped women leaders as being more competent in supporting. The study indicated that both genders were attributing more positive ratings to their gender than the opposing gender. This study indicates that self perceptions also affect beliefs of self and others in ability in the work place. Perceptions of the meaning of equality are different among individuals according to their self interest. Other studies examine perceptions of gender and leadership oncerns in the workplace over time.The study do ne by Koch, Loft, and Kruse (2005) takes a look at changes in perceptions of women in leadership. With an increase of women in leadership the study compares the amount of change in beliefs now to the beliefs held 20 years ago. Results showed a tendency for gender association that went along with social perceptions; men were associated with terms: hard, strong, and aggressive. Women were Judged as soft, sentimental, and delicate. Although data shows a shift towards associating women with leadership; it is not significant as the orrelation between men and leadership.Despite efforts to close the gap of inequality it still exists in positions of leadership, small shift seen of women in leadership, is not dismissed. Perceptions of femininity in leadership Johanson (2008) seeks to find if prior conceptions of leadership exist between genders in perceived: conception, structure, masculinity, femininity, androgyny, and overall leadership ability. Results support the hypothesis that leadersh ip ratings were associated with masculinity and structure; the positive correlation between consideration and femininity was clearly supported.Leadership positively correlated with structure and not conception. The study indicates the importance of beliefs and associations of leadership without environment influence on perceived individual leadership style. This study proves that individuals still show a predominant belief that leadership is more closely associated with masculinity and structure than femininity and conception. Individuals overall continue to think of leadership as male oriented. For women characteristics associated with femininity are still not seen as positively affiliated with leadership characteristics.A study that demonstrates the effects of on the perceived suitability of women and men in leadership of failing or succeeding organizations. This study looks at the inequalities that women encounter when trying to advance in the workforce. The study hypothesized th at women are appointed to leadership positions when risk of failure and criticism are high. Results show that in general women are preferred over male candidates. The results state that the male was selected over a female when the company performance was improving. Women where often selected as the suited individual to take a leadership position in a ompany that was declining.This study shows that there is a clear preference of men to successful companies. This may be due to perceptions and beliefs of the individuals who appoint leaders toa position. This study looked at the suitability of both men and women in a management position Ted H. Shore (1992). The study focused on the potential of performance in managerial positions by assessing cognitive ability, Job advancement, interpersonal and performance skills. Despite women rating higher than men on performance style dimensions, they received lower ratings in management potential.Management ratings of both genders were comparable. The study results serve as evidence of subtle gender bias within the workplace. Stating that despite higher performance rates in women the actual advancement in the Job is the same as men of lower performance rates. The study analyzes perceptions of woman's interpersonal skills compared to men. Assessors deemphasized the fact that women outperformed men; giving more credit in interpersonal skills. A mismatch is perceived of women and attributes associated with management due to stereotypical and perceived views of women.Finally a tudy done by Wolf, and Fligsteing (2009)looks at factors that contribute to the unequal distribution of women compared to men in positions of authority focusing on education, experience, tenure, marriage, children, that help map how and why some individuals are in positions of authority. The study looks at composition of the workplace and situational beliefs of employers and women in notions of authority. The study assesses factors that influence Job charac teristics and allocation of male/ female in authority. The study concluded that men are given more authority than women in the workplace.The importance of this study highlights factors like traditional gender roles, personal choices, and self perceptions that affect the prevalence of women in authority. Conclusion According to McTavish and Miller (2009) there are both pros and cons to the modernization agenda. Reform and structural change have led to greater opportunities for women. Reform and modernization in organizational procedures have led to somewhat gender friendlier environments. However, there are paradoxes in the modernization agenda. It seems like women have to conform to masculinist styles of management.Many of the reforms are actually leading to re-gendering of job roles and procedures. (McTavish and Miller, 2009, p. 361-362). In the article Women's Leadership Development Strategic Practices for Women and Organizations Hopkins, O'Neil, Passarelli, and Bilimoria (2008) p ropose seven areas of leadership development practice along with recommendations in each of these categories for consultants and human resources professionals working with individual women and organizations. They state that leadership development positive outcomes at both the individual and organizational levels.They assert that esponsibility for developing the human, social, and political capital of women resides at the individual and the organizational levels. They also state that leadership development of women employees is a major business advantage to organizations. Also stressed is that principal importance must be placed on women feeling connected to the goals and objectives of the greater organization and conceptualizing a comprehensive picture of themselves as vital organizational partners. They also emphasize that consulting psychologists and human resources professionals have an essential role in helping women and organizations.They conclude that the assembly of leadershi p development that appreciates and addresses women's unique contributions will result in women fulfilling their individual potential and in organizational transformation, the two principal goals of effective, sustainable leadership development.

Constitutional Law and European Integration

There are few cases that rival Factortame in being concurrently substantively clear and decisive, and perplexing as to its full impact. The scope of the change to the UK constitution that has been instigated by it and other European Court of Justice decisions has been conceptualised as ranging from a ‘legal evolution’ to ‘revolution’. Although some theories are more convincing than others, each faces its own weaknesses.However, notwithstanding the conclusion of this particular speculative debate, the processes of European integration has undoubtedly quickened the pace at which UK Parliament and courts as part of a globalised world have had to squarely confront these constitutional changes, especially the departure from Parliament’s stronghold over the constitution. A Diceyan view of the UK constitution is no longer compatible with the current relationship between UK and EU law.It was decided in Factortame and confirmed in Equal Opportunities Commissio n, that the implications of the European Communities Act 1972 s. 2(4) is that EU law has supremacy in the case of clashes between EU and national laws. Within the orthodox view that Parliament is absolutely sovereign, inconsistencies between Acts of Parliament are to be dealt with by applying the doctrine of explicit or implied repeal to give effect to the later Act which is simply another illustration of how no Parliament can bind its successors.It would never have been open to national courts to declare provisions within primary statute incompatible with EC law either temporarily or permanently as it is today. However, so long as UK remains a part of the EU, EU law will prevail when inconsistencies arise and any derogation from this position will have to be done expressly and unequivocally. Therefore, even if the current position of Parliamentary sovereignty cannot clearly be defined, Factortame and EOC alone emphasise the unworkability of a Diceyan view of Parliamentary sovereign ty in an European context.A radical but yet convincing argument that conceptualises the constitutional implications suggests that, EU law is able to place a substantive limit on Parliament’s law making authority on overlapping areas because being a member state has partially changed the rule of recognition of Parliamentary sovereignty. Although this necessitates presupposing Parliamentary sovereignty is a legal principle, not a purely political one, it seems justified because instead of accepting Parliament to be sovereign merely by its existence, it allows for a justification based on normative rguments. This is important considering that the UK is a modern democracy and intrinsically different to the state it was in when the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty was originally developed. Being a legal phenomenon, the scope of Parliamentary sovereignty evolves through the judgments of the court which provides a more balanced and legitimate decision than considering just a po litical aspect because the political realities are still considered but are weighted against other principles such as the rule of obedience to statutes.Furthermore, courts are gradually developing the idea that the authority of Parliament to make law is something that is subject to, and therefore controllable by constitutional law. For example, in the domestic case of Anisminic, the scope of Parliament’s authority to confer on public authorities powers which are not subject to judicial review was sharply limited. Thus, the effect of ECJ decisions on the constitution has been to develop it to a stage where Parliament is no longer sovereign at times when, and only when, inconsistencies between EU and national law occur within a field where both laws operate.On the other hand, Sir William Wade would argue that ‘constitutional revolution’ rather than a mere evolution has resulted. However, this argument is not only at odds with Lord Bridge’s judgement but lack s plausibility in itself. He explains that the courts have acted unconstitutionally and shifted their allegiance because Parliamentary sovereignty being a ‘rule of recognition’and a solely political norm, is a constitutional fixture which may only be ‘diminished’ as a matter of practical politics.There is a real difficulty in accepting this because it would suggest judicial whim may reverse a commitment that was reached democratic consensus among all branches of government and wider society through public referendum. This formidable weakness of Sir William Wade’s argument supports viewing Parliamentary sovereignty as, at least partly, a legal concept. Although the theory that it is possible for the EU to place substantive limits to Parliamentary sovereignty accommodates the ‘voluntary’ contractual argument and ‘functional requirement of EU’ arguments that Lord Bridge presents, it is not without limitations either.It fits wel l with Lord Bridge’s alternative reasonings because they suggest that Parliament does have the power to limit its own powers and that the present conflict should be tackled on principled bases. This is important because legal phenomenon arise out of case law and albeit sparse, his judgment was the only one to address the topic. However, the persuasiveness of this argument is reduced by the fact that it simply leads us to another equally difficult question of what legal means set the width of its powers.The judges themselves seem to be in disagreement amongst each other about this as Lord Hope says ‘measures enacted by Parliament’ itself whereas Laws LJ says the unwritten constitution as interpreted by the judges which seems legitimate but in practical terms, leaves everything just as uncertain. So far only the implications of ECJ case law has been discussed but there are other elements to European integration such as the doctrine of direct effect and the European Union Act 2011 which have affected the development of the UK constitution.These developments suggest that the â€Å"new view† is the most plausible representation of Parliamentary sovereignty today because referendum locks and the possibility for individuals to present a case in national courts on law derived from sources other than Parliament present limitations on Parliamentary sovereignty but not in the substantive sense discussed above. Proponents of the â€Å"new view† view that ultimate sovereignty remains with Parliament but it may have to conform to certain manner and form limitations.The appealing factor of this model is that it also accommodates for the limitations that Human Rights Act proposes on Parliamentary legal authority as well. Yet it is problematic in that the EU has explicitly stated in s2 of the ECA that on at least an EU level, Union law is regarded as supreme and this theory fails to encompass this dimension of the relationship between domestic and EU law. Most importantly, it accentuates how the increasingly multi-layered nature of the constitution must be taken into account in the broader debate.The holding of a point of absolute power faces pressure from outside as well as inside the nation. When the broader question of whether we should be edging away from political and towards a more legal constitution is considered in light of the multi-tiered constitutionalism arising from the Parliamentary Acts of 1911 & 1949, Human Rights Act, Devolution as well as EU membership, it would seem that to maintain a wholly political view of Parliamentary sovereignty in any context would be to deny reality.However, anything more exact requires us to assess what balance between adaptability and elasticity from maintaining a political constitution, and protected rights and principles from a legal constitution will provide the checks and balances necessary in dealing with the legal and political challenges of today. Due to declining publ ic reputation of Parliament and diminishing respect for political process generally, as well as the aim of Parliamentary sovereignty having originally been to secure the broadest possible basis for ensuring democracy and legitimacy, we may not have to be so uneasy about adopting a more legal constitution.The UK constitution must embrace the emphasis it has always placed on a dynamic experience and once again, like with the case of devolution, make a smooth transition before political repercussions manifest themselves. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd [1990] ECR I-2433 [ 2 ]. Paul Craig, ‘Britain in the European Union’ in The Changing Constitution (7th ed, 2011) pg120 [ 3 ]. HWR Wade, ‘Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? ’ [1996] 112 LQR 568 [ 4 ].R v Secretary of State for Employment ex parte Equal Opp ortunities Commission [1995] 1 AC 1 [ 5 ]. HWR Wade, ‘The Basis of Legal Sovereignty’ [1955] CLJ 174 [ 6 ]. Paul Craig, pg121 [ 7 ]. 17th century –Glorious Revolution, Bill of Rights [ 8 ]. TRS Allan, ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty: Law, Politics, and Revolution’ [1997] 113 LQR 447 [ 9 ]. Mark Elliott and Robert Thomas, ‘Public Law’ (2011, Oxford) pg334 [ 10 ]. Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147 [ 11 ]. Wade, ‘Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? ’ [ 12 ]. HLA Hart, ‘The Concept of Law’ (1996, Claredon Press) [ 13 ].Wade, ‘Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? ’ [ 14 ]. UK European Communities membership referendum 1975 [ 15 ]. Lord Bridge in Factortame [ 16 ]. Paul Craig ‘Britain in the European Union’ in Jowell and Oliver (eds) TheChanging Constitution (7th edn, Oxford, 2007) pg 121 [ 17 ]. Jackson v Attorney-General [2005] UKHL 56 [ 18 ]. Thoburn v Sunderland Ci ty Council [2002] EWHC 195 [ 19 ]. Sir I. Jennings, The Law and the Constitution (1959) ch. 4 [ 20 ]. Jonathan Sumption ‘Judicial and Political Decision-making: The Uncertain Boundary’ [2011] Judicial Review 301

Acts 1 and 2 of Romeo and Juliet

Acts 1 and 2 of Romeo and Juliet Essay Love is an important theme in Romeo and Juliet and is interpreted in many ways by the many different characters. After the prologue, which is filled with hints of the ending for the star-crossed lovers, the play opens with a scene between Sampson and Gregory who are two servants of the Capulet family. They are vulgar and crude, making many sexual references and innuendoes. They do not see love as involving emotions or desires, but as a purely physical thing, sexual not emotional. Sampson refers to women as weaker vessels and tells of how he will rape the maids of the Montague household. Neither of them appears to have ever experienced true love. They talk in a rude and coarse manner and objectify women. The opening helps the audience to contrast this vulgar image of love shown in a humorous context, to Romeo and Juliets sincere love for each other. This perception of love is also shared by the nurse and Mercutio, both who are comical characters. Mercutios humour is mostly offensive and insulting; he sees love as a pointless emotion. Mercutio teases Romeo from the start for being a lover. He believes that love is just an illusion, its made up in dreams by Queen Mab, he says she gallops night by night through lovers brains, and then they dream of love. The nurse uses similar bawdy language by way of, Go girl, seek happy nights to happy days. The nurse urges Juliet to get all of the pleasures out of love and she ensures Juliet and Romeo are able to marry and indulge in their sexual relationship. In this way, although there is long elaborate speech of true passionate love between Romeo and Juliet, there is also rude and coarse language which would have appealed to the lower-class audience. In the Elizabethan era, it was common for a young man to fall hopelessly in love with an unattainable beautiful woman, often with little chance of being loved back. This is how we first meet Romeo; he is very depressed and confused. However, you see many different attitudes towards love from Romeo; during each situation he is in, he reveals a different portrayal of love. Here he tells his cousin, Benvolio, of how he is in love with a woman, Rosaline, and speaks his love. This love feel I, that feel no love in this. Romeo speaks of how he does not enjoy being in love and that he sees it as a punishment, like being shut up in prison or like being whipped and tormented. He talks of love as being something he has to do, not something he feels. Benvolio believes that Romeo is not really in love, but that it is more of an infatuation. In his attempts to help Romeo overcome his obsession, Benvolio tells him to examine other beauties. Benvolio does not have a lot of belief in true love but merely in loving the beauty of women. In this scene, the audience see Romeo for the first time and they are exposed to a pathetic, depressed, miserable boy, who does not take pleasure in love, ay me sad hours seem long However the fact Shakespeare never reveals Rosaline to the audience adds mystery to Romeos obsession. This kind of love he feels for Rosaline did not tend to lead towards marriage, which was something else. Marriage often had nothing to do with love; it was arranged between families and was generally all to do with legal contracts, family, pride and wealth. This is shown by Juliets parents; Capulet is much older than Lady Capulet, who married when she was very young. Her mother learnt to love him after they married. This is also depicted in the scene when Paris asks Capulet for Juliets hand in marriage before he has even met her. Although Juliet is very young, Capulet still gives Juliet a choice of if she wants to be married and by this shows his affection for her. He refers to her as the hopeful lady of his earth and she calls him as good father. He believes marriage as a good thing but also states that love is preferable. He does also show his concern about Juliets age, READ: Using Shakespeares' Romeo and Juliet and Baz Lurhmanns' film version EssayShe hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride. Yet Paris states that women younger than Juliet are already made mothers, a thought shared also with Lady Capulet, Well, think of marriage now; younger than you, Here in Verona, ladies of esteem, Are made already mothers: by my count. She feels marriage is more important than love as well, So shall you share all that he doth possess, By having him, making yourself no less. She implies that marriage a necessity and it is what women are made for. Lady Capulet also recites a long elaborate speech full of comparisons of Paris face and love being like a book, Read oer the volume of young Paris face, This precious book of love, this unbound lover This speech starts with the assumption that because Paris is a man of wax, Juliet should be very excited to be given the chance to marry him and should immediately be attracted to him. However, Lady Capulet soon gets irritated when Juliet shows no signs of interest; she hurries Juliet, asking her of her feelings towards this, Speak briefly, can you like of Paris love? Juliet answers in such a way that keeps her parents happy, Ill look to like, if looking liking move, She says that she will look forward to liking him, if by looking at him can lead her to liking him. As she is so young, her answer seems acceptable as her mother does not question her further. Lady Capulets scene with Juliet is not normally how a mother addresses her daughter or how a daughter addresses her mother. Their dialogue seems very formal and polite, Madam, I am here. What is your will? This depicts the distance between Juliet and her mother; instead of saying mother, she says madam. However, this gap between them is filled by the nurse. The nurse effectively acts as Juliets substitute mother and it is her, who Juliet confides in and trusts. When Romeo first meets Juliet, the insincerity of his love for Rosaline is exposed and he suddenly realises it, Did my heart love till now? forswear it, sight! For I neer saw true beauty till this night. He speaks of how his love for Rosaline was not true and pure, like the love he now feels for Juliet. His attitude towards love changes as suddenly as his change of heart. Romeos feelings sound more genuine in speeches about Juliet than of Rosaline which was much more exaggerated. He wants to be with Juliet all the time, and he is continually comparing her to a saint and the light that can brighten up anything. O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! O, then, dear saint, O, speak again, bright angel! In the sonnet shared by Romeo and Juliet, the interpretation of love is shown as religion. There are many references to saints, pilgrims, shrines, holy, prayers, faith and devotion. This is an obvious contrast to how he felt when he was in love with Rosaline. Juliet seems very playful in her language with Romeo but she also feels the same way as she refers to him as her only love. In their scene at the balcony, Romeo now feels love as being a power in which he can with loves light wings fly over the high walls surrounding the Capulet mansion. When Juliet asks Romeo how he knew which room was hers, Romeo replied, By love that first did prompt me to inquire; He lent me counsel, and I lent him eyes. This means that love led him to her balcony. Juliet, in this scene, seems much more mature than Romeo and speaks in a much more serious tone; Romeo speaks using elaborate and indirect language, READ: Good Hook For Romeo And Juliet EssayIt is my soul that calls upon my name: How silver-sweet sound lovers tongues by night, Like softest music to attending ears! Juliet does not like his theatrical speech, instead she gradually tears Romeo away from this artificial language in which he used with Rosaline. Juliet speaks of love as being eternal and sacred, My love as deep; the more I give to thee, The more I have, for both are infinite. She believes in their love so much that she accepts to marry him, the only son of her parents sworn enemy, even though Paris had offered to marry her. Friar Lawrence acts as Romeos substitute father and looks after him throughout Romeos relationship with Juliet. He agrees to marry them thinking it will unite their families but still feels it is still a risk, Wisely and slow; they stumble that run fast. When the Friar remarks on how quickly he falls in love, Romeo replies by saying that there is a difference between his old love and his new one, Her I love now Doth grace for grace and love for love allow. The other did not so. This is another example of how Romeo is truly in love with Juliet. The friar is similar to the role of the nurse towards Juliet as they both look after and advise the young lovers. In conclusion, there are many forms of love; parental love, marital love and physical love. I believe that Romeo and Juliet contains the right balance of each different aspect of love. The humorous bawdy language of Mercutio and the nurse provide a break from all the ominous reminders of the tragic ending and the elaborate, fancy dialogue of Romeo and Juliet. These crude parts of the play would also have appealed to the lower class and less cultured members of the Elizabethan audience. All in all, the theme of love is well presented in many different ways by many characters.

Speech outline on why you should start a savings account Essay

Speech outline on why you should start a savings account - Essay Example Statistics: statistics shows that people have concentrated in spending their finances than saving.76% of the population which indicates that they spend their money in meeting household requirements. The data from EBRI indicate that in 2013, the savings of 51 percent of workers aged 45-54 were less than $25000. Evidence: An individual will be relieved if they have funds under a savings plan which will meet the above contingencies. It is also significant that an efficient insurance cover is taken because it will assist in the management of the unexpected financial distress. Evidence: The second reason that compels for creation of a savings account is contributing towards retirement. This involves saving for the future and earning interest that will cater for forthcoming expenses.â€Å"Is it devastating to retire without an effective pension plan?† Evidence: They benefit also because they are entitled to affordable prices and interest rates. Education is enhanced through setting aside money that will be used for further studies. This is important in the attainment of master’s and doctorate degrees and for educating children (Gillen & Levinson 200). Creation of a savings account is also significant in the process of investment protection. This is because it protects the business’s asset portfolio since these accounts caters for unexpected expenses such as induced sale of property. This should encourage investors to avoid investing their money in speculative assets in the volatile market. Individuals with savings in financial institutions are advantaged since they have the potential to venture into vast business opportunities. This is beneficial, therefore, because amassing wealth is important in the attainment of financial objectives (Claxton 87). Restating preview of points: This is because several citizens are affected by the dynamic change in the level of the economy; emergencies and retirement. This is

Current and potential power of the Chinese currency in a global Essay

Current and potential power of the Chinese currency in a global financial economy - Essay Example The present international economic hold back is having substantial unconstructive effects on China’s export industries, and sectors that rely on international direct investment flows. The degree of China’s contact with the ongoing international financial crisis especially from the struggle of the American sub-prime mortgage issue is not clear. However, china places various limitations on capital flows especially outflows, in part in order, to uphold its administered float monetary policy. These limitations restrict the capacity of Chinese residents and many companies to invest outside the country, forcing them to invest locally even though, some Chinese try to move funds outside the country illegitimately. Therefore, the disclosure of Chinese private sector companies and private investors to sub-prime American mortgages is expected to be small. For 25 years, globalization formed unprecedented degrees of both economic risk and economic growth. Monetary markets became fre e, which allowed governments and firms to invest more openly. Even so, as international trade grew larger, it also grew more complicated. Speedier-flowing capital became more unstable and economic danger became more difficult to track. Local regulators struggled to survive with changing financial practices, most of which they did not entirely understand. To make matters more complex, the state governments refuted the idea of ceding regulatory administration to an international system, restricting the degree of international misunderstanding over international markets (Peterson & Derby 2). International integration was based on a melange of normally ad hoc plans with coercive power and limited scope. One impact was an outburst of systematic banking crisis, with more than 120 occurring between 1970 and 2007. In 2008, policy makers who were discouraged by harsh impact of this crisis started expressing apprehension in regard to lack of effectual regulation of the international financial structure, which former American treasury secretary said had brought about over one chief crisis once every 3 years (Peterson & Derby 2). Furthermore, Chinese government firms like the State Administration of foreign trade, Chinese Investment Company, state-owned companies, state banks, might have been more disclosed to distressed American mortgage securities. Chinese companies account for the share of lion’s of China capital outflow, most of which comes from China’s big and developing foreign trade reserves. If china held distressed sub-prime mortgage supported securities, these institutions would possibly be incorporated in the company securities rank and some American equities which might have invested in real estates. Even so, these were a comparatively small section of China’s total American securities holdings (ORLIK 4). The government of china does not discharge comprehensive information on its holding of financial companies, even though some of its bank s have stated their level of disclosure to sub-prime American mortgages. Such companies have normally stated that their disclosure to distressed sub-prime American mortgages has been minor compared to their comprehensive investments, that they have cleared up such assets or have called off losses and that they carry on to earn high return margins. China has taken various steps to react to the international financial crisis. Other than the cut in interest rates and enhancing bank

Communication theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication theory - Essay Example With clearer concepts and objective understanding of matters, people are in a better position to play their individualistic and collective roles in the development of a civilized society. In most of the organizations in the contemporary age, communication with confidence and authority has become quite critical (Holmes, 2011). The organization in which I work is to much extent, a functional organization where different departments have well defined responsibilities, so people from different departments do not usually interact with one another. In addition to the organization having a functional organization structure, there were several other factors that have played their role in discouraging interaction among employees. Such factors included but were not limited to differences of gender, age and culture. Employees from different culture have had presumed conceptions about their coworkers from different cultures and would not change their conceptions in the organizational context. Al so, employees from opposite genders would hesitate to communicate with one another. This was giving rise to interpersonal conflicts with various employees assuming irrational things about one another as a result of lack of communication until the new project manager brought about some drastic changes in the system of flow of communication within the organization.

High Budget Deficit and the Growth Rate of the Economy Essay

High Budget Deficit and the Growth Rate of the Economy - Essay Example The nation with high private saving will offset the moderate deficit financing in a much better way to provide for investment capital necessary for the growth of economy. Thus, for future economic growth national savings matter highly. National saving is the measure of the accumulation of financial and other real assets overtime. Future national income will largely depend upon this accumulated stock of assets. Unfortunately, deficit financing coupled with nil or negative private saving has made the national saving negative. In this perspective, deficit financing on a sustained basis cannot help US economy. Higher Interest Rates Macguineas (2011) argues that ever increasing deficit financing will exert upward pressure on interest rates thereby increasing the cost of capital. Budgetary deficits are financed through government borrowings. When government borrowings rise to a high level, the government may have to offer increased interest rates so that sufficient buyers are attracted to buy government debt. Obviously, higher interest rates will tend to retard the economic growth rate. Higher Borrowing Leads to Higher Interest Payments Increasing borrowings year after year will necessitate higher spending on debt-interest. Higher interest burden eats away the productive deployment of the capital necessary for the economic growth. As a result, the needy sectors such as education, health starve of the funds that are necessary to provide impetus to the economy. Defense Spending and Budgetary Deficit Korb et al. (2011) of the center for American Progress (CAP) argue that defense spending has created the current fiscal crisis. The experts from the CAP believe that the massive deficit is the result of increasing defense budget during 2004 through 2012. It...This essay offers a comprehensive review of the effects, that the high levels of budget deficit exercise on the economic development of the country, using the example of the US. In 2011, it was the third straight year when the gap between American government's income and spending remained negative to the tune of $1 trillion or above. In percentage terms, the deficit is hovering at around 10 percent of gross domestic product in last two years. This was causing serious concerns at several quarters on soaring national debt. The national saving rate is important for future economic growth and budgetary deficit has a direct bearing on national saving rate. Since last many years private saving is meager in the US and in last couple of years it has gone even negative. With such a low/negative saving, it is difficult to obtain economic growth and US productivity at desired rate. Ever increasing deficit financing will exert upward pressure on interest rates thereby increasing the cost of capital. Budgetary deficits are financed through government borrowings. When government borrowings rise to a high level, the government may have to offer increased interest rates so that sufficient buyers are attracted to buy government debt. Higher interest rates retards the economic growth rate. It can be concluded that when the government incurs debt, it is important to know what government does with that money. If the money are deployed for productive purposes, it can certainly help the economy of the present as well as future generations.

Module 3 Cash Flow Estimation BHS427 Health Care Finance (AUG2014-1) Essay - 1

Module 3 Cash Flow Estimation BHS427 Health Care Finance (AUG2014-1) (SLP) - Essay Example Secondly, the business needs to look at some of the investments made by the organization in terms of creating future growth. Failure to outlay the investments made by the organization may result in the investments being categorized as capital expenditures (Damodaran, 2011). In the estimation of cash flows, certain advantages and disadvantages may arise from the entire process. Cash flow estimation is seen as a means of attaining an organization’s value or rate of return (Juhà ¡sz, 2011). Cash flows in and out of an organization’s projects are often used as inputs in various financial models, which in turn, assist an organization in determining the overall value placed on certain projects. Also, a business’s liquidity can be determined through cash flow estimation. It is imperative for businesses to find out if there is the availability of cash at hand, regardless of whether the business or organization is making profits from its operations. Cash flow estimations may forecast if the business is likely to fail, especially if they predict a shortage of cash in the business. Furthermore, cash flows are often used to assess the worth of income generated from certain projects (Damodaran, 2011). What this implies is that some of the projects carried out by organizations or businesses may fail to bring in the required or intended organizational targets, which means they may be of low quality. Cash flows provide the intended forecast to prevent long-term investments in such projects, which means that most organizations are capable of conducting operations that are composed of large cash items often considered high quality. Lastly, cash flows determine the risks involved with certain projects. Negative earnings need to be identified in cash flow estimations because they tend to become problematic at the end of a financial period. In this case, earnings need to be adjusted to reflect the effects of the accounting management. When an

Safety and quality of meat Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety and quality of meat - Assignment Example Looking at the outbreak of Food and Mouth Disease (FMD) in 2001 and the destruction this very infectious animal disease caused to the livestock industry and economy of the United Kingdom has caused the level of inspection to be increased in the import of the poultry sector of the country. The disease was completely removed from its entire root in 8 months but by this time the United Kingdom had slaughtered more than 4 million animals to stop the disease from spreading and had faced loses worth more than 5 billion dollars in its food and agriculture industry. Due to this disease United Kingdom also had to face a loss in its tourism industry as the people were scared about the food they would be eating in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom had been FMD free since the last 34 years before the FMD breakout in 2001. The United Kingdom until recent was not allowed to take part in international trade of livestock, poultry and the products produced from these livestock’s and poult ry as they could transfer the FMD virus in the other countries (United States General Accounting Office, 2002). On the other hand the United States since the last outbreak in 1929 has been a FMD free country and has not faced an outbreak of this disease till today. The poultry, livestock and agriculture industry of the United States was worth 100 billion dollars in 2001. The importance of the livestock is immense for the agricultural sector and industry of the United States and hence it is an important duty of the United States Department of Agriculture to keep the livestock safe from FMD and other animal diseases not existing in the United States. The USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) have to assure the precise labeling, the safety and healthiness of the poultry, meat and processed egg products. FSIS imposes the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA), the Egg Products Inspection Act and the Poultry

Feminist Perspectives on Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Feminist Perspectives on Land Law - Essay Example One of the important social factors contributing to this question has resulted from the fact that in recent year's family home has been used to secure for business borrowings in which both spouses are required to sign the relevant documents. There have been other economic and political factors which has supported this economic decision. This presents a new situation which brought to surface the impact of 'undue influence' on the minority and weaker section representing wives; on the ground of emotional and financial dependence on the husband. Some of the other factors have been increased owner-occupation since second World war, government encouragement to small businesses in 1980's and increasing trend for spouses to hold jointly the legal title to the family home.. The real source of the problem has emerged from the fact that though wife is now required to execute documents charging the family home, it does not necessarily mean that she has an equal involvement with her husband in planning the transaction or an equal voice when it comes to making the decision to sign. The role of the courts in the English law, is significant, while they respond to an increasing rhetoric of equality in English society througho... And it can be seen that judges have been even more creative in the way they have managed to limit women's rights to a successful claim or defence, to limit women's claims even when they appear to 'win' their case, and to ensure that men generally do better out of these disputes than women. The equality and justice is hard to sustain on the facts. (Auchmuty,2005)1 The focus of this discussion is evaluation and examination of the unfair justice practiced with regard to the position of the women, when it comes to equal treatment, in the matters concerning property disputes. On many instances it can be seen in the context of English Law that men and commercial lenders and other individual have been the greater beneficiary in comparison to women. The law and the judges have invariably favoured the possession of property to male members and commercial lenders with bias against their social disposition to manage and maintain property. English women have not been treated equally in relation to property; they have consistently been denied their fair share in property ownership. The biggest test for the courts and the judges have been in the cases where there is legal rhetoric and legal reasoning, which have supported unfair shares between the two genders in attaining court resolutions of informal co-ownership disputes and unfair outcomes in undue influence cases involving mortgagees. The rules of equity need to protect women as in many cases even judges lean towards male bias. "Married women could and probably should benefit from special protection in property law; that is , because married women suffer special disadvantage on account of their structural

Revision practice Essay Example for Free

Revision practice Essay The revision changes recommended, in the darft states the topic sentence should directly address, the thesis as well as state the topic. Each paragraph should have an effective closing, that reinforces the main point. The revision changes also recommend, the thesis statement should be present, but don’t forget the essay which should begin with an entire. The introductory paragraph, should provide background information on the topic to the readers and grab the readers attention. When writing the supporting detail, for instance when using, learning style, it also means how each individual student learn best, it is best to try to write options for learning. Remember to organize the information in the parargraph, each paragraph should consist of at least five sentences of a topic sentence, and three supporting sentence, and a concluding sentence only in the first line of the paragraph, should be indented. Do not use first person pronouns like †i† in academic writing, also avoid using personal stories in, academic writing, these same ideas can still be convey without making it personal. Working on rewording the paragraph would help to highlight the, same benefits of the ideas, without describing a personal experience. Academic writing should be formal writing, and not informal writing. Avoid repetitive of words, keep conclusion short, it should be four sentence and focus on summarizing, the two or three of the most important main ideas from the essay. The revision changes recommended by, writepoint states when writing avoid leaving a space before a comma. Also remove comma before writing a restrictive phrase otherwise replace†that† with â€Å"which†. Don’t use lots in an essay without commercial words, the word lots is used only for commercial shipments and real estate, are measured in lots. To use â€Å"a lot of†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ means â€Å"many† â€Å"much† or a large amount†. Also recommended by writepoint for any academic writer, should not divide two-part verb beginning with has/ have/ had. The revision provided by plagiarism checker reports processed on, march 16 2012,the feedback states the slimilarity index, was 0%, internet sources 0%, publication 0%, and student papers n/a. 1. The topic sentence directly address the thesis, as well as states the topic, for instance, the topic sentence states, although students either can learn from online classroom or traditional classroom, online classroom is more flexible. 2. Each paragraph have an effective closing that reinforces the main point , for instance the main ideas are in the three paragraphs, for instance, learning styles, benefits, and cost of education. 3.  The essay is coherent, it flows with ideas smoothly, for instance, online learning and traditional learning, flow in order, one after the other this make the essay easy to understand. It flows from the beginning to the end, because the starting of the essay starts with the topic sentence and ends with the topic sentence, this allows the idea to flow after one another within the paragraph, and from paragraph to paragraph so the ideas can flow smoothly.  The essay flows from the beginning to the end, which starts with the introduction of the topic s entence in the beginning and to the end of the conclusion of the three main ideas, flows in order. 4. The order of the support is logical and effective, because it gives support to the essay, for instance, the essay giveS example of how student can balance work and school, the supporting detail, is how flexible online learning is, and how effective the support is states how student can balance school life and personal life, this makes the order of support logical and effective. . The essay provides strong evidence to support any opinions, the evidence to support the opinions is ,saves money on gas for car, due to no travel time, this allows saving time and money saving. 6. The essay reflects on the evidence and explain its importance, the evidence is student can benefit, the importance is student can save money and time, which do explain no travel time and also student don’t have to pay for parking, this allows students to save time and money. . The essay use strong transition between sentences and between paragraphs, the words and phrases shows how the ideas in the sentence and paragraph are related, for example, online learning style, is the transitions between traditional learning The next steps to be taken in the revision process, is to take out unnecessary words and replace weak words, with specific and appropriate wording, this helps the essay. Revision process, allows you to make changes to the first draft before you put the finishing touches, during the editing and proofreading stage. The revision process allows you to improve the draft before you start the editing process. The revision process, is the step when you, add, cut, move, or change information in order to make the ideas in the essay, more accurate, more interesting or more convincing. After revising the content, the next step is to do the editing. This allows you to examine the surface features of the content. The editing process, allows you to examine your spelling, grammer, usage of words, and punctuation in the darft. When editing, it helps you to use proper format when creating the finished essay. The revision process, overall allows you to, add, cut, move, or change information in order to make the ideas in the essay, more accurate, more interesting, or more convincing, when writing your essay.

Johannes Brahms And The Romantic Period

Johannes Brahms And The Romantic Period The Romantic period was a period that spanned the entire 19th century. It came after the classical period and sought to increase the expression of deeper truths and the feelings of human beings while preserving the music structures of the classical period. Brahms is one of the prominent figures and composers of this era. Writing two serenades, two piano concertos, violin concertos, four symphonies, two orchestral overtures, and many more works that were destroyed or unpublished, Brahms became an influential figure of the Romantic period and served as an inspiration to future generations of musicians and composers alike. Johannes Brahms was born on May 7, 1833 in Hamburg, Germany. Johannes Brahms father was Johann Jakob Brahms while Johannes mother was Johanna Henrika Christiane Nissen. Johann Jakob Brahms, like his son, was a musician of the 19th century. Johann was proficient in several instruments, including the French horn and the double bass. Johanna Henrika Christiane Nissen, Johannes mother, was a seamstress living in Hamburg. Johannes Brahms also had a younger sister and a younger brother. At the age of seven, Johannes Brahms began musical training on behalf of the will of his father. Brahms studied piano with pianist Otto Friedrich Willibald Cossel. Due to his family being poor, Brahms often played in the brothels and dance halls of Hamburg. By the age of eleven, Brahms was composing sonatas for the piano. His compositions would not receive public attention or acclaim until he toured with Eduard Remenyi as an accompanist in the spring of 1853. On this tour, Johannes Brahms met Joseph Joachim, Joachim Raff, Franz Liszt, and Peter Cornelius; all were prominent musicians of the time. Joseph Joachim then introduced Robert Schumann to Johannes Brahms via a letter. Brahms then traveled to Dusseldorf to live with the Schumann family. Brahms impressed Schumann with his talent and was featured in an article in the music journal known as Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik which translates to New Journal of Music. This article brought the publics attention to the young Brahms. During th is time, Brahms, along with Schumann and Albert Dietrich, composed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“F-A-E Sonataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for Joachim. Brahms found himself as a pseudo head of household in the Schumann family during his stay. He had developed a close relationship with Clara Schumann, Robert Schumanns wife and fellow German composer and pianist. This emotionally but not romantically deep relationship would last for both of the composers lifetimes, with constant communication between the both of them. When Schumann attempted suicide, he was placed in a mental rehabilitation facility. Brahms became the messenger between Clara and Robert Schumann during Roberts final years of life in the mental sanatorium. When Robert Schumann died in 1856, Brahms aided and comforted Clara for the next couple of years. This came at the sacrifice of Brahms career as few compositions were written during this period of time after Robert Schumanns death. After the death of Robert Schumann and the period of comforting his wife Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms found himself devoting his time between his obligations as the founder and conductor of a ladies choir in Hamburg and his obligations in Detmold, Germany as the court music-teacher and composer. His Piano Concerto No.1 debuted in Hanover, Germany in 1859 and Brahms served as the soloist of the concerto. Brahms then visited Vienna in 1862 and was appointed conductor of the Vienna Singakademie, a choir based in Vienna. He composed throughout the 1850s and the 1860s, writing multiple compositions for different orchestras, but many of his works received mixed reviews from contemporary critics of the time. One of his works, Piano Concerto No.1 was poorly received in early performances of the music piece. Prominent figures of the time, including Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner of the New German School labeled Brahms as an old-fashioned and non-innovative composer. Although Brahms admired the skills of Liszt as a pianist and admired the musical works of Wagner, a conflict known as the War of the Romantics arose with Brahms being a prominent figure of the conservative side and Liszt and Wagner being prominent figures of the progressive side. Brahms rose to popularity in 1868 with the premiere of A German Requiem in Bremen. A German Requiem was Johannes Brahms largest choral work and was the composition that won the publics acclaim and established Brahms reputation in Europe as a leading composer and the conqueror of the symphony. It was with this newly formed reputation and acclaim that allowed Brahms to complete many of his earlier works that he had worked on for years such as the Rinaldo, a cantata, his third piano quartet, his first symphony, and his first string quartet. Brahms was a perfectionist and due to this, never finished or discarded many of the compositions he had worked on in the earlier years of his career. The first symphony premiered in 1876, and the other three premiered in 1877, 1883, and 1885. His Piano Concerto No.2 premiered in 1881 with Brahms once again as the soloist for the concerto. It was from this point on that Brahms was able to test his newly composed orchestral works with the Duke of Meini ngens court orchestra which was conducted by Hans von Bulow, one of the most famous composers of the 19th century. One of Brahms works, the abbreviated version of his Hungarian dance for the piano, became the earliest recorded music piece in history. The piece was recorded by Theo Wangemann, a representative on behalf of the famous American inventor Thomas Edison, when Theo visited Vienna in 1889 and invited Johannes Brahms to make the first recording of a music piece in history. In that same year, Brahms was made an honorary citizen of Hamburg, the same city where he was born. At the age of 57, Brahms made a resolve to give up on composing music for the rest of his life in 1890. Brahms was unable to follow through with this resolve and went back to composing music. It was during this time frame that Brahms composed a number of compositions that were acknowledged by critics and the public alike to be masterpieces. He composed even more music due to his admiration of Richard Muhlfeld, former violinist and now clarinettist of the Meininger Hofkapelle which was the Meiningen orchestra. These inspired musical works were Op. 114, Op. 115, Op. 116-119 also known as the Four Serious Songs, Op. 120, Op. 121, Op. 122, the Clarinet Trio, the Clarinet Quintet, the two Clarinet Sonatas, and the Eleven Chorale Preludes for the organ. Johannes Brahms developed cancer while completing the Op. 121 songs. His condition worsened which caused Brahms death on April 3, 1897 at the age of 63. Brahms was buried in the Zentralfriedhof, the most famous and largest cemetery in Vienn a. Brahms point of view combined elements of the Baroque and Classical periods and his futuristic views on music. His music was bold with its exploration of harmony and rhythm. Because of this, Johannes Brahms has a strong influence on both conservative and modernist composers. In his lifetime, Brahms was an influential figure on several composers within his circle who had a strong admiration of his music. These composers included Robert Fuchs, Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Julius Rontgen, and also Gustav Jenner who was Brahms only formal pupil. Brahms also had a great influence on Antonin Dvorak who received great amounts of help from Brahms. Dvorak admired Brahmss music and was heavily influenced by it in many works by Dvorak including the Symphony No 7 in D minor. Notable features of Brahms musical style were used with the personal styles of composers Max Reger, Wilhelm Berger, and Hans Rott. British composers Edward Elgar and Hubert Parry as well as the Swedish composer Wilhelm Stenham mar have noted that they have learned much from the works and examples set by Johannes Brahms. Brahms was honored by the Walhalla temple, the German Hall of Fame in 2000. On September 14 of that year, he was inducted into the Hall of Fame as the 126th à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ruhmlich ausgezeichneter Teutscherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which translates to glorious excellent teacher and the 13th composer among them. A bust was sculpted in honor of him by sculptor Milan Knobloch. A composer of the Romantic period, Brahms composed numerous works which left a strong impression on the public and served a model of inspiration for future musicians and composers. It was through his numerous works which have earned public acclaim that he became a leader and prominent figure of the musical scene at the time. An innovator and a traditionalist composer, Brahms was one of the most beloved musicians and composers of his time and still remains so today.

The Life and Work of Gustave Courbet

The Life and Work of Gustave Courbet Courbet was born in Ornans, France. Ornans is a small village near the Swiss frontier. The Alpine foothills cross the area with tree filled slopes and cliffs rising above them. Streams also flow above and below ground in the region. (Mack) 3. Note any information you were able to find on the parents of the artist. Gustave Courbet s father, Regis Courbet, was a wealthy landowner. He owned fields and vineyards that covered much land in the area of Flagery, which was a village about eight miles from Ornans. Courbet s family had homes in both villages. Regis Courbet loved the nature around his properties, and was a gregarious and inventive man. Gustave s mother Sylvie was four years older than her husband, and was the practical one in the family. She not only managed the household, but also the farms and the vineyards. (Mack) 4. Did the artist have any brothers or sisters? Gustave was the only boy and the eldest of five children. His sister Zoe was born in 1824 and was a difficult girl. Zelie, born in 1828 was frail and pious and Juliette, born in 1831, was more like her brother in spirit; conceited and a spinster. Gustave was closet to Juliette and their mutual devotion was never broken. His sister Clarice was born in 1821, but died at the age of 13. He often used his sisters as models. (Mack) 5. What were some of the significant childhood experiences in the early life of the artist? It is significant that Courbet loved nature as a child. He knew every little path, hill, and field in the area so well that he would lead outdoor excursions. During Courbet s time at the seminary, according to his confessor, the number and kind of sin he confessed were considerably greater than other children of the same age. (Mack) 6. Note any information on the education of the artist. When Courbet was young, he appeared to be a promising student. At the age of twelve, he entered and spent six years at the seminary at Ornans. Courbet refused to study or take part in religious instruction. His essays were so entertaining that the teacher would save his for last. Original composition was the exception to his poor academic record at the seminary. Nevertheless, his father wanted Gustave prepared for a profession such as the law. (Mack) When Courbet was fourteen, Gros, a teacher from Ornans and former student of the Neo-Classical painter introduced him to painting. (Museum dOrsay, Paris) In 1837, when Gustave was eighteen, his father sent him to a near-by college to study philosophy. Gustave complained about everything to his parents and wanted to leave, but his father wouldn t allow it. Finally, in 1840, Gustave left college without taking any of his final exams. He moved to Paris studied Spanish, Flemish and French painters on his own. Gustave s father disapproved, and tension grew between them. However, his father continued to send Gustave an allowance. From Paris, he returned regularly to Ornans to visit his family and to enjoy the landscape that inspired many of his paintings. (Mack) 7. What was the artist s early career like? Was it as an artist or was it in another field? Except for a short employ or internship at the studio of Steuben and Hesse in Paris, none of the sources I used mentioned Courbet doing any other work besides producing art. During his first four or five years in Paris, he produced many paintings. Courbet was conflicted as far as style and spent most of the time painting romantic and literary subjects. He complained to his parents about the high cost of producing art, but as far as making money on his own, he thought that would hinder his ability to produce art. (Mack) (This section is worth 20 points.) Young Adult Life and Artistic Beginnings 1. Did the artist marry? If so, note any information on the marriage. Courbet never married, but had a mistress with whom he had a child in 1847. The mistress left with the child in the early 1850s. There were many women in his life, but his relations with them were mostly physical. (Mack) 2. Did the artist have children? If so, note any information on the children. See question 2. 3. What were the artist s early experiences as an artist? Courbet s first works in Paris were Odalisque inspired from a poem by Victor Hugo, and Lelia from a novel by George Sands. According to Gerstle Mark, author of Gustave Courbet, These early works were rigid, wood like, and sometimes sentimental. (Mack) He painted his only commissioned altarpiece for the church of the local parish in 1847. He didn t gain much attention until he embraced realism in 1849; before that, he relied on the submission of paintings to the Salon, where few were accepted each year. (Gowing) 4. What were the significant early works of art and what were they like? The first painting of Courbet s that was accepted to the Salon exhibition was Self-portrait with the Black Dog in 1844. Gustave is cloaked in black holding a pipe, with a book and walking stick nearby, and he is holding his new dog; a black spaniel. Posed on a hill or cliff, his up-close form takes up a good part of the canvas. He is young and handsome and has a prideful look on his face; it looks like he is trying to appear clever. (Mack) See Highlights section, question 10, for others. (This section is worth 20 points.) Historical Information 1. What major historical events took place around the world during the time the artist was alive? Give 2 3 significant historical events for each continent. a. Europe 1) In July of 1830, there was an uprising of the middle classes against King Charles attempt at absolutist monarchy. King Charles gave up the throne and fled. 2) Queen Victoria took the British throne in 1837 and ruled until her death in 1901. In 1861. 3) Russian Czar Alexander II abolished serfdom in the Russian empire. This was a result of pressure by progressive groups in Russia. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) b. Asia 1) In 1839, the first Anglo-Afghan war began. The British wanted to protect their colony of India. 2) Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping Rebellion in China from 1851 through 1866. Impoverished peasants believed that he was Jesus younger brother, and sent as their savior. c. Africa 1) In 1830, the French occupied Algeria. Abd al-Qadir, led a resistance to the French occupation until he was exiled in 1847. 2) In 1838, Sir James Alexander produced an academic study of the rock paintings and engravings found throughout southern Africa called An Expedition of Discovery into the Interior of Africa: Through the Hitherto Undescribed Countries of the Great Namaquas, Boschmans, and Hill Damaras, Performed under the Auspices of Her Majestys Government and the Royal Geographic Society. He concludes that the works are images that reflect the life and culture of the indigenous San peoples. d. North America 1) The United States Civil War took place between 1861 and 1865. 2) The United States Indian Removal Act of 1830 was an attempt to get Indians that lived east of the Mississippi River to give up their land and move west. This led to the final Trail of Tears march whereby 18,000 Cherokee were marched out of their land to Oklahoma; the conditions were so bad, that 4,000 died on the trail. 3) In 1848, gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevada foothills, and as a result, more than 80,000 migrants arrived in California. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) e. South America 1) Spanish rule ended in Central and South America in 1824 after the defeat of the Spanish at Ayacucho, Peru. 2) In 1852, Dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas was driven from Buenos Aires. Afterwards, the Argentine Federalist constitution was established. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Timeline (This section is worth 20 points.) Historical Information on the Style 6. What style did the artist work in? He first painted in the Romantic and Neoclassic style of the late 1700s and early 1800s. Courbet s mature style was Realism. He coined the term, after his critics had used the word derogatively about his work. Many people thought his work was too real, and depressing. (PBS) 7. Describe the significant characteristics of this style. In art, Realism is associated with works that show the artist s perception of real life, and the experiences of human beings in the here and now. Courbet s paintings are concerned with regular people in the midst of everyday circumstances. Rather than painting from memory, he was one of the first artists to complete his landscape paintings outdoors. (Frank) Realism focuses on modern subjects and the lives of the lower classes. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) To Courbet, Realism was not perfection. Instead, he was spontaneous and rough with the application of the paint while he portrayed the irregularities in nature. Observers of his art thought he purposefully painted ugly things. He used his popularity to write essays about democratic and socialist ideas. (Gustave Courbet; The Complete Works ) 8. Name some of the other artists who worked in this style. Our textbook points out that Rosa Bonheur and Thomas Eakins painted in the style of Realism in the 19th century. According to the gustavecourbet.org website, Honore Daumier and Jean-Fran ois Millet were also considered realist artists in the mid 1800s. (Frank) 9. Where and when did this style occur? Because the PBS website credits Courbet for first using the term Realism, I would say the style, termed Realism, began in France. It was around the middle of the 19th century, during times of civil unrest in France, that Realism replaced Romanticism in many works of art (PBS) The chronology Realism goes from the 1840s through the early 1900s with Impressionism and Post-Impressionism overlapping from around the 1860s to 1925. (Gowing) In the mid 1800s, the realist movement was known as Verismo in Tuscany and Naples, Italy. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Timeline Highlights of Artistic Career 10. What were some of the highlights of the artistic career of the artist? After his first Salon exhibit in 1844, Courbet needed more money to produce his work. His father denied him an increase in allowance, but Gustave received a financial windfall when a Dutchman purchased some of his works and created a market for him in Holland and Belgium. (Mack) The work Burial at Ornans depicts the funeral of a relative in September of 1848. This was the first realist style masterpiece. Unlike historical works of this sort, he painted the people in attendance instead of hiring models or actors. Unique to this work was its large size of 10 by 22 feet, and its religious and ritual subject matter usually reserved for religious and royal subjects. (Gustave Courbet; The Complete Works ) On exhibit with Burial at Ornans in 1850-51, was The Stonebreakers (1849) and The Peasants of Flagery Returning from the Fair (1850). Burial itself was startling in its size and subject matter, but the public believed that Courbet was satirizing social values with the other two paintings. Courbet had embraced socialist ideals, but what he was really trying to do was to paint reality. From this point on, he gained attention from critics, some loved his work, and others despised it. For the rest of his life he found himself in the public eye. (Mack) Courbet established a Federation of Artists in April of 1870 for the free and uncensored expansion of art. Members included Andre Gill, Honore Daumier, Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Eugene Pottier, Jules Dalou, and Edouard Manet. (Gustave Courbet; The Complete Works ) Because Courbet refused the Legion of Honor award from Napoleon III, he became popular with those that opposed the current government. In 1871, revolutionaries put Courbet in charge of saving all the works from Paris art museums from looting mobs. While doing so, he had people destroy the Vendome Column for which he was sentenced to six months in prison and to pay the costs of rebuilding the column. Courbet fled to Switzerland to avoid bankruptcy. He died there, at age 58, of liver disease due to heavy drinking before he could make his first payment. (Gustave Courbet; The Complete Works ) 11. List any awards, honors and/or exhibitions of her/his art work. At the Salon of 1849, Courbet received a gold medal for After Dinner at Ornans. In 1870, Courbet rejected an award from the Legion of Honor. He positioned himself as free from any form of government. In the 1850s, Courbet exhibited some paintings set in his village of Ornans, France at the Salon. The paintings reflected everyday life and people in the village. This realistic style of painting upset many people because it was usually reserved for the recording of history. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) After the Paris International Exhibition rejected A Burial at Ornans and The Artsist s Studio in 1855, Courbet built his own pavilion and held an exhibition of his work. (Gowing) In 1853, Courbet decided he would paint a series of works of nude women, but the Salon rejected those Courbet submitted for indecency. Finally, the Salon accepted Woman with a Parrot in 1860. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) In 1882, the cole des Beaux-Arts held an exhibit of his works. (Gustave Courbet; The Complete Works ) In 2008, the Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibited approximately 130 of Courbet s works including the 1850s seminal manifesto paintings and those of Ornans and his friends and family. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Prior to that, the exhibition called The Born Rebel Artist began in 2007 at the Grand Palais and Musee Fabre in France. (Gustave Courbet; The Complete Works ) 12. Briefly discuss several significant works by the artist. Name the works and tell a little about each. Stone Breakers 1849 Stone Breakers is an example of the one paintings that established Courbet as a realist artist. The men are ordinary workers. Courbet is not making any religious, romantic, or symbolic statements. When this piece was exhibited at the Salon in Paris in 1850, many people, expecting to see beautiful artwork, were shocked at what they thought to be ugly and socialistic paintings. (Frank) Stone Breakers is now lost. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Nude Woman Reclining 1852 In this work, Courbet presents a painting of a nude woman asleep. She is wearing nothing but white stockings; one shoe on, and the other stocking loose on her leg. It looks like she is sleeping on purple drapery in the early evening hours. This is one of several nude paintings of women where Courbet s portrays real women including the reality of body hair. This and The Origin of the World were owned by a Hungarian collector in 1862, but were stolen from his bank vault during World War II. After the war, the baron tracked down The Origin of the World, but Nude Woman Reclining was lost. It had made its way to a Soviet soldier who carried it, rolled up, into Slovakia, and gave it as a gift to a doctor. Years passed and the doctor died. In 2003, the doctor s family tried to sell it at an auction house, and it was eventually recovered for a $706,000 reward to the family. Its worth was estimated at around $15 million. (The Associated Press) After Dinner at Ornans 1848 This is the work was the first in Courbet s series of paintings that were meant to depict real life in his home village of Ornans. Like Stone Breakers, it upset the public, as they relied on art to be uplifting and beautiful. This painting is of four men that have just finished dinner. The scene is low key; showing how it may have really been after a big dinner. A couple of them are playing musical instruments, which would be like having TV on in the background after dinner today. Also disturbing to people was Courbet s course and unrefined brushwork. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Woman with a Parrot 1866 Today, Courbet s Woman with a Parrot is located at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Unlike some of his other nudes that the Salon rejected, Courbet covers the woman s genitals by a white drape, and doesn t reveal any body hair. The woman gazes contentedly at a parrot that sits on her raised hand. Aside from some who thought her hair was too messy, the public loved the painting when they saw it at the Salon exhibition of 1866. It was slightly risqu , but similar to the Venus types of paintings people were used to seeing there. Some of his supporters however, though he had sold out. In Courbet s mind, he had pulled one over on the Salon. (Schjeldahl) The Painters Studio: A Real Allegory Summing up a Seven-Year Phase of My Artistic Life 1855 This painting, along with Burial at Ornans, was rejected for exhibit by the jury of the Paris International Exhibition Exposition in 1855. Courbet decided to set up his own exhibition called the Pavilion of Realism where his showed The Painter s Studio along with around forty other paintings. The work is comprised of thirty life-size figures, and is divided into three parts. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art website, Courbet describes the work as on the left side shows the world of commonplace life, with a priest, a hunter, a worker, and a Republican of 1793. On the right are the people who serve me, support me in my ideas, and take part in my actions. And in the center, Courbet painted himself in a landscape with a nude model and a little boy on either side. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) The Wounded Man 1844-1854 Many of Courbet s early works were self-portraits. In this painting, he appears wounded; as if he was in a sword fight or in battle. Either way, it looks he has likened himself to someone who stood up for something and is dying for it. The real story was, according to the Museum d Orsay website, is that painted it in 1844, and reworked it ten years later after a love affair had ended. Originally, a woman was leaning on his shoulder; he replaced her with a sword and added the blood in 1854. (Museum dOrsay, Paris) Sources Cited Art Renewal Center. Ed. Sherry Ross. ARC Advisory Board. October 2010 . Frank, Patrick. Prebles Artforms; An Introduction to the Visual Arts. 9th. Upper Saddle River: Pearson; Prentice Hall, 2009. Gowing, Sir Lawrence, ed. A Biographical Dictionary of Artists. New York: Facts on File, 1995. Gustave Courbet; the Complete Works. October 2010. . Mack, Gerstle. Gustave Courbet; A Biography. Cambridge and New York: Da Capo Press, 1951. Museum dOrsay, Paris. October 2010 . PBS. 1999. WGBH Educational Foundation. October 2010 . Schjeldahl, Peter. Painting by Numbers. The New Yorker Online 30 July 2007: http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/07/30/070730crbo_books_schjeldahl?current. Strickland, Carol. The Annotated Mona Lisa. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel; A Universal Press Syndicate Company, 1992. The Associated Press. Courbet s Nude Woman Reclining Recovered. msnbc.com 12 10 2007: http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/21269272. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Ed. Philomena Mariani. October 2010 .

foolear Essay on Shakespeares King Lear - The Fool In Us :: King Lear essays

King Lear: The Fool In Us      Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear is without doubt Shakespeare's most nihilistic play.   It is a storm without clearing.   In this version of reality, faith is absurd.   The play is set in the pagan era, where King Lear loses all his faith in the gods.   However, we see the need for Christian revelation in the hopelessness of the play.   We also see in the character of the Fool a character who resembles the wisdom and words of the Apostle Paul "Let no man deceive himself.   If any man among you seemeth to be wise in this world, let him become a fool that he may be wise."1   These words are very similar to the function and meaning of the word fool in the play.   While fool in Shakespeare's plays can represent a "dupe", a "madman", a "beloved one", a "court jester", or a "victim", it means all of these in King Lear.   For the Fool is the court jester, Cordelia is Lear's beloved one, and Lear, himself, is at various times duped, a madman, and a victim.   Yet, when we look at th e words of Paul, we see the Fool tell Lear virtually the same thing in this play.   For Lear believes himself to be wise, when, in reality, he is a duped fool:    Fool.   If thou wert my Fool, Nuncle, I'd have thee beaten for being old before they time. Lear.   How's that? Fool.   Thou should'st not have been old till thou hadst been wise.2    The Fool loves Lear as much as anyone in the play, save for his youngest daughter Cordelia.   The Fool knows Lear's only mistake is not accepting Cordelia's expression of love.   Once he has divided his kingdom between Goneril and Regan it is too late for any advice to Lear to resolve the matter.   The Fool tries to get Lear to understand what a dupe and bungler he has been, but Lear cannot see himself as the portrait the Fool paints.   Lear needs nothing more than himself; he has everything in himself.   However, he goes from everything in himself to nothing because he has been unwise:    Lear.   Does any here know me?   This is not Lear: Does Lear walk thus?   Speak thus?   Where are his eyes? Either his notion weakens, his discernings Are lethargied-Ha! waking? 'tis not so. Who is it that can tell me who I am?

Children with Learning Disabilities Essay -- Education Disability Essa

Children with Learning Disabilities Do you know anyone who suffers from a learning disability? There are several disabilities out there, so chances are you must know someone who battles with the day-to-day hassles. But, are learning disabilities really a hassle? More often than not, this can be considered a misconception. Learning disabilities (LD) affect the way a person â€Å"of at least average intelligence receives, stores, and processes information† (NCLD 2001). This neurological disorder prevents children especially from being able to perform well academically. Therefore more time and special programs are fostered to them. Once one is educated about what the disability means, the causes of LD, what programs are available to overcome the difficulties of learning, and parents learn methods to help the child at home-- the learning disability is no longer considered a hassle, but instead a battle to be conquered. As common as learning disabilities may be, not every child in America is affected, however, the number may be larger than one thinks. In 2001, over 2.9 million children were diagnosed with a learning disability. The number is not accurate since some definitions of a learning disability are different than others. (NCLD 2001) Some of the most common are dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. Typically one who suffers from a learning disability has difficulty in writing, reading, speaking, listening, and mathematics (NCLD 2001). They may also have short-term memory loss and will frequently let their emotions overpower their reasoning. They may have a hard time paying attention in class and find ways to avoid work, especially when they find the material too difficult. (Silverman) They are disorganized in bo... ...ion about Learning Disabilities. Retrieved March 26, 2002, from http://kidsource.com/NICHCY/learning_disabilities.html NCLD (2002). The ABC’s of Learning Disabilities. Retrieved February 16, 2004, from http://www.ncld.org/LDInfoZone_FactSheetIndex.cfm NICHCY (2004, Jan.). Learning Disabilities. Retrieved February 16, 2004, from http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs7txt.htm#intro NIMH (19999, June1). Learning Disabilities. Retrieved February 16, 2004, from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/learndis.htm NLM (2003, July 25). Medline Plus. Retrieved February 16, 2004, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/learningdisorders.html Silverman, Linda (n/a) Gifted Children with Learning Disabilities. Retrieved April 21, 2004 from http://members.aol.com/discanner/gtld.html

Marry Shelley :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was born on August 30, 1797, in London, England. She was destined to live an extraordinary life. Her parents were two of the most noted freethinkers of the Enlightenment era. Her father, William Godwin, was a celebrated philosopher and historian. He was known for overeating and borrowing money who would give him a loan. He didn’t have much time for anything but his philosophical ideas. He met his match in Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary’s mother. She was every bit as much a radical thinker as Godwin. She declared herself independent at the age of 21. She and her sisters ran a school in France, where she had an affair with an army captain and had her first child, Fanny, out of wedlock. After being abandoned, she and Fanny moved back to England and attempted suicide. She began writing. She was well-known for her revolutionary feminist writings. Wollstonecraft and Godwin met a dinner party at Godwin’s home and the two began an affair. Wollstonecraft was five months pregnant when she married Godwin. Although Godwin and Wollstonecraft didn’t agree with the whole marriage thing, they wanted Mary’s children to be legitimate children. Mary’s mother died of complications just ten days after Mary was born. Her father was a self-absorbed intellectual and was left to take care of his daughters all alone. Although he loved his daughters, the responsibility of raising them on his own was too much for him and soon began looking for a wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Godwin married four years later to Mary Jane Clairmont. She turned out to be a mean and shallow woman who favored her own two children over Mary and Fanny. Mary was a lively child and was often treated unfairly by her stepmother. She received frequent whippings which led to her rebellion of a girl’s traditional role. As a result of this, Mary kept to herself and was unhappy and alone. Although she didn’t have a formal education, she picked up on the intellectual environment created by her father and his visitors. Mary was quite bright and began reading the writings of her mother around the age of eight. She had memorized every word by the age of ten. Mary spent many hours at her favorite reading spot, her mother’s grave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Percy Shelley, a poet, was an admirer and friend of William Godwin and spent a great deal of time at the Godwin house. Shelley also admired the writings of Mary’s mother.

Thinking in Early Adulthood-Post formal Stage

From the standpoint of developmental psychology, there have been several different sets of theories regarding the process of thinking in early adulthood. While the majority of sources hold consensus that the development of thought processes within human beings is complete in adolescence, there are also theories that a stage of cognitive development lies beyond the conventional wisdom to include what is commonly referred to as a post formal stage, which, simply put, involves the human mind processing thought beyond logic and being able to critically analyze, evaluate various options, and choose an option based upon analysis (Arack).In this essay, the question of whether or not the post formal stage exists will be answered. To begin, an irony occurred to the researcher in the consideration of the answer to this question itself, and that irony is the fact that in order to be able to answer the question, the ability to analyze various pieces of information on their merit and develop an o pinion/answer to this question seems to indicate the existence of post formal stages in itself.If everything past adolescence was acted upon based on what was formed in the mind up to the time of adolescence, it is doubtful that this essay would have much substance at all. Going beyond the theoretical, however, the researcher will now justify the assertion that post formal exists. The very essence of the human experience indicates that post formal is something that plays a vital role in human development, from birth to adulthood and into old age.This is evidenced by the fact that many people find themselves changing their opinions on a virtually endless number of topics and situations as their life experience increases, outwardly defeating the idea that we are on a sort of psychological auto-pilot once adulthood approaches and that the mind at that point is merely a clearinghouse for thoughts, with no ability to change thought processes.Another key consideration and evidence of post formal existence are the many examples of people who learn skills and pursue additional education late in life, which would be impossible if the mind were not able to embrace new ideas and information, referred to by those who are advocates of the existence of post formal as â€Å"shifting gears† (Arack). In closing, both from the standpoints of example and academic research, there is sufficient evidence to support the existence of post formal stages. While many of the complexities of the human mind may never be understood, this seems to be something that can be objectively proven.