Friday, January 24, 2020
Developing Solutions :: essays research papers
Developing and Selecting Solutions Graham Parker’s Structured Problem Solving Guide describes the problem solving process in four phases, one of which is Developing and Selecting Solutions (Phase 4). The other phases are not summarized here, however, it is noteworthy to mention that Phase 4 is the entering into solution development, whereas during the first three Phases of the process, specific problems of study have already been defined, a selection process is undertaken to decide which problems to address, and finally the problem to be studied is characterized by the collection and analysis of the data to be studied. We then pick up the process of developing solutions for addressing the problems identified in the previous phases, as we enter Phase 4. This particular stage of the Creative Problem Solving process is regarded as the primary decision-making stage. The function of implementing solutions hinges on two basic ideas: (1) consideration of the possible solutions by studying the results of the previous stages and the ideas they generated; and (2) development of evaluation criteria. A simplified approach to solution development is the "in-house" search for solutions on the presumption that there are no new problems, only unsolved ones. This simply suggests the research team ask, "has anyone else had this problem?" Consideration would be given to a problem of similar circumstances, how they solved the problem previously, if the solution was successful, and if any disadvantages resulted from the solutions implemented. This method simply uses history to our advantage so that don’t find ourselves re-creating a solution that perhaps has already been developed that would serve current needs. A second consideration would be to find out if anyone else is looking at the same, or a similar, problem. We could determine what, if anything, they have learned to date, determine if we can be of help to each other, and perhaps pool resources to broaden the prospects of ideas and solutions. In-house efforts can quickly bring solutions to common problems, that are frequently dealt with which minimizes effort in coming to a successful solution. Parker explains that sometimes solutions can be found simply by restating the problem, so by examining other problems/solutions with a view toward solving current problems, a solution from previous events, can potentially be redesigned to fit an existing event. When causes of particular problems have been identified, the problem solving process can be directed in several directions, but we concern ourselves with elimination of causes.
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Which is more effective in fighting crime, knowledge?
Sociologists, in an attempt to explain and point out the reasons behind delinquency, have concluded that there are connections between specific youth behaviors with the home environment, family background, the neighborhood, associations, and many other aspects that together, or separately affect the formative years of young people’s social environment. Delinquent children usually come from a background of difficult circumstances. Parental alcoholism, poverty, breakdown of family, abusive conditions in the home, death of parents during armed conflicts or drug overdose, and the HIV/AIDS scourge, and etc. are some of the various reasons that can leave children virtually orphaned.One or both parents may be physically present, but because of irresponsibility on their part (if even one of them is addicted to drugs or alcoholic), a child may grow developing certain ways and attitudes that are directly/indirectly caused by the parent/s addiction or drug-related behavior. In this case, true delinquency lies on the parents; and the children are, in a way, orphaned or unaccompanied, and without any means of subsistence which, in the first place, the parents’ fundamental responsibility to provide. Generally, and increasingly, these children are born and/or raised without a father.They are first in the line of those who are at greatest risk of falling into juvenile delinquency. Without noticing it as it is typical of any youth to be lacking in prudence, with newly embraced group, the gang, a corresponding subculture starts to assimilate them, and before long, they start to engage in activities of adult criminal groups. It is usually after being engaged in criminal activities for an extended period of time with its accompanying consequences (such as ending up in prison or rehabilitation institutions for drug addicts) that delinquents realize they are into a very dangerous zone.A large portion of all juvenile violations (between two-thirds and three-quarters) ar e perpetrated by youths who are members of certain gangs (Venkatesh, 1997). Unlike in school and their family, these have no strict rules to be followed except loyalty to the group. It gives young people esteem when they somehow feel they are the â€Å"rule†in themselves. This is the lure of gangs. It gives the promise of fulfillment to would be delinquents. Popularity, access to the powerful figures on the streets, freedom to express one’s self, as well as easy flow of money (if the gang is also involved in some illegal activities such as drug dealings, which is common in most gangs) are seemingly within grasp of anybody who just have the guts to dare (OJJDP, Mar. 2003).Children who are well taken care of by their parents and are thus adequately supervised are at less odds to be involved in criminal activities. Studies have proven that. A dysfunctional family, on the other hand, which is commonly characterized by regular conflicts, parental negligence, poor communica tion because of absorption to outside activities by parents, are always assumed to be the breeding ground for delinquents (Venkatesh, 1997).Studies on Risk versus Protective FactorsAn insightful paper prepared by Resnick describes the theoretical viewpoint that risk and protective factors are two things that may â€Å"mirror†each other. Risk factors like low academic performance increases the possibility of child or youth’s involvement in activities that may harm themselves and others while protective factors such as high academic performance increases the likelihood also of the individual committing aggression against another.These factors reside in an individual and that a disproportion of one especially the â€Å"risk factors†over the other indicates a caution or warning; the person may traverse in a direction which may foster a tendency to exhibit aggression or violent behavior. In the study, identifying these balance or imbalance within individuals may he lp reduce the occurrence of school violence by early detection of symptoms thus, interventions may be employed coming from various strategic points like the home, and the school and the community (Resnick, 2004).According to the Laub (1998), the home and the school are milieus that importantly direct the development of aggression or violence. Aggression at home significantly reflects what may eventually occur as aggression or violence in school, though not always. Male students attack peers or other male students. In addition, teachers are hurt either by verbal abuse, physical injury or threats of aggression. Fights that commonly occur in the campuses relate to â€Å"possession of toys, equipment and/or territory, about retaliation, & rules of games†(Laub, 1998).Nature of Violence or Aggressionâ€Å"From very early, the oxygen of the criminal's life is to seek excitement by doing the forbidden.†-S.SamenowA radical turn from the contemporary to classical rationalizatio ns on violent behavior equivalent to possessing a criminal mind, Stanton Samenow offered a quite â€Å"sweeping†point of view based on what he calls â€Å"errors of thinking.†Whereas years spent in studying and treating adolescence clinical disorders, he had leaned upon the understanding that adolescents, criminal behavior and/or violence in general have social determinants as a major factor, this change of mind was brought about by a collaborative work with another practitioner Dr. Yochelson (Genre,http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/samenow.htm).An elevated fear on the occurrence of violence in school is expectedly high not only because of what happened in Virginia Tech recently; this is because other forms of aggression or violent acts committed by students have not changed instead, increased in number among campuses today. In an excellent study by Jaana, the author specifically isolated these acts as becoming the source of fear for the average students to e xperience anytime during their school lives.The study reveals that suburban schools are also profiled as becoming unsafe these days. These violent activities can be in the form of physical attack for no apparent reason or provocation, fights without using any weapon, pilfering, breaking and entering school property, and vandalism. In addition, victimization occurs, in the manner of students stealing property of another (e.g., books etc.), being threatened because of racial or cultural difference, bullying, and threats of injury to teachers and not only to students among others (Jaana, 2001 in http://www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2008.pdf).Reference:Genre, C.T. 2007. â€Å"Stanton Samenow:The Criminalpersonality). Retrieved May 6, 2008Laub, J.H., & Lauritsen, J.L. (1998). The Interdependence of School Violence with  Neighborhood and Family Conditions. In D.S. Elliott, B. Hamburg, & K.R.   Williams (Editors), Violence in American Schools: A New Perspective, (pp. 127-           155). New York, NY:Cambridge University Press. Retrieved May 6, 2008from        the      Center for the Study and Prevention of ViolenceJaana, 2001 in Selected School and Youth violence    statistics. Department of Juvenile Justice          and Delinquency Prevention (DJJDP).Retrieved May 6, 2008. http://www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2007.pdfVenkatesh, S. ‘The social organization of street gang activity in an urban ghetto,’        American        Journal of Sociology, vol. 103, No. 1, July 1997, pp. 82-111.Yochelson, Samuel & Stanton Samenow. The Criminal Personality. N.Y.: Jason Aronsen,     1976,  1977, 1986._____Accessed Retrieved May 6, 2008.          _______ 2007. Selected School and Youth violence  statistics. Department of Juvenile Justice          and     Delinquency Prevention (DJJDP). Retrieved May 6, 2008  http://www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2007.pdf_______OJJDP, Mar. 2003. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is a  component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of    Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, and the      Office for Victims of Crime. Retrieved May 6, 2008.
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
Sexual Orientation Diversity Management At Small And Large...
Outline Caitlin Alexander, LaKeisha Givens, David Lindke, William Miller, Raymond Rodriguez, Shawna Silva and Jason Streger Liberty University A Case for Sexual Orientation Diversity Management in Small and Large Organizations I. Introduction A. â€Å"Approximately 9 million Americans identify themselves as being lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). With alternate sexual orientation. Managers and employees are becoming more tolerant and there is a growing respect for individuals with non-traditional sexual orientation†(Mathis, Jackson, Valentine, 2014, p. 3-4d). B. Organizations must build strong, creative, talent based workforce that represents the consumer base through diversity which includes the diversity of sexual†¦show more content†¦al., 2014, p. 3-8a). 2. â€Å"In other cases, employers have had to take action because of the complaints by workers that employees were aggressively â€Å"pushing†their religious views at work, thus creating a hostile environment†(Mathis et. al., 2014, p. 3-8a). B. The key to conflict resolution seems to be an overall shift to a no-tolerance policy (Von Bergen et al. 2012). No tolerance policies set clear and definite actions that are to be taken when an employee acts outside of the given guidelines aid in the formation of policy. 1. Authentic tolerance allows for an individual to respond respectfully to a difference of choice or lifestyle between another person, without being forced into acceptance of an opposing view. 2. According to Cui, Jo, Na, and Velasquez (2015) â€Å"beliefs shared by all the Christian denominations are, first, that all people share an equal human dignity that all must respect †¦Ã¢â‚¬ While the study excluded rating concerning Gay and Lesbian policies it is relevant to my research as it supports the concept that Christian support diverse and inclusive community and the presence of religion influences corporate decision-making. C. The landscape of what is considered discriminatory is changing. â€Å"While gender, race, disability, ethnicity, language, and age are commonly known, religion, sexual orientation, education, experiences are becoming more importantâ€
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